That number jumps to 90 percent of 2-year-olds, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute. The findings are being published today in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine.
The study is the first to look at the trajectory of media viewing in the first two years of life and to explore the content of what is being watched. The research also explores parents' reasons for permitting it. "Exposure to TV takes time away from more developmentally appropriate activities such as a parent or adult caregiver and an infant engaging in free play with dolls, blocks or cars," said Frederick Zimmerman, lead author of the study and a UW associate professor of health services.
"While appropriate television viewing at the right age can be helpful for both children and parents, excessive viewing before age 3 has been shown to be associated with problems of attention control, aggressive behavior and poor cognitive development. Early television viewing has exploded in recent years, and is one of the major public health issues facing American children."
Co-authors of the study are Dr. Dimitri Christakis, a pediatrics researcher at Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute and a UW associate professor of medicine, and Andrew Meltzoff, co-director of the UW's Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences.
"This study is important because it teaches us about the media diet of infants who are too young to speak for themselves. Most parents seek what's best for their child, and we discovered that many parents believe that they are providing educational and brain development opportunities by exposing their babies to 10 to 20 hours of viewing per week," said Meltzoff, a developmental psychologist who is the Job and Gertrud Tamaki endowed chair in psychology at the UW.
"We need more research on both the positive and negative effects of a steady diet of baby TV and DVD viewing. But parents should feel confident that high-quality social interaction with babies, including reading and talking with them, provides all the stimulation that the growing brain needs. It's not as though TV or a DVD provides an extra vitamin of some kind in the first two years of life, where we concentrated our research in this study. This area is one in which science, health and public policy all meet. We need to get our facts right so we can productively advise parents who so desperately want to do the right thing."
The researchers conducted random telephone surveys of more than 1,000 families in Minnesota and Washington with a child born in the previous two years, and found the median age at which infants were regularly exposed to media was 9 months. Among those who watched TV, DVDs or videos, the average daily viewing time jumped from one hour per day for those children younger than 12 months to more than 1, hours a day by 24 months. The three most important and common reasons cited by parents for allowing their children to watch TV, DVDs or videos were: 29 percent believed these media were educational or were good for the child's brain. 23 percent said viewing was enjoyable or relaxing for the child. 21 percent used these media as an electronic babysitter so they could do other things.
Even though educational content was the top reason given by parents, only about half the infant viewing time was reported to be in what researchers classified as a children's educational category. This included educational TV programs such as "Sesame Street" and "Arthur" and DVDs or videos such as "Blue's Clues." The remaining viewing time was roughly split among children's non-educational programs, baby DVDs or videos and grown-up television.
Although parents believe in the educational value of TV, DVDs and videos, just 32 percent of parents always watched with their children. Parents also had an inflated idea of how much of these media other children were watching and believed that their children viewed less than the average amount. The study indicated that the perceived average viewing for other families is 73 percent higher than the actual average.
"At the end of the day the amount of TV viewing is based on what parents think is normal," said Zimmerman.
"Perceptions of norms tend to shape behavior even if those norms are inflated."
So what can parents do to reduce the amount of time their kids spend in front of the tube, Zimmerman has several suggestions.
"Parents often turn to TV for a break. A better suggestion would be to provide kids with simple activities to do. When parents are cooking, for example, they could have a low drawer with plastic dishes or wooden spoons available that a child can play with or make noise. This gives the child something to be engaged with while taking pressure off the parent.
"A parent can also enjoy reading a fun or familiar book to a child," he said. "The child benefits from being close while the parent can get a breather. Children thrive on physical closeness." Zimmerman and Christakis are the authors of the book "The Elephant in the Living Room, Make Television Work for Your Kids" and Meltzoff is co-author of "The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us about the Mind."
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What it is: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling and loss of motion in the joints. It occurs most commonly in the fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders, jaw, hips, knees and toes. RA often appears first in early adulthood or middle age, but sometimes does not occur until the later years. (Osteoarthritis is another common type of arthritis; it causes a breakdown of the cartilage in the joints.) Symptoms: Symptoms include joint pain and stiffness, particularly in the morning; red, warm or swollen joints; deformity of the joints; mild fever; fatigue; loss of appetite; anemia; and small lumps or nodules under the skin. Symptoms can be present nearly every day, or they can come and go. Diagnosis: Your health care provider will review your medical history and examine you. He or she may order blood tests and x-rays to confirm the diagnosis and measure the extent of the disease. Prevention: The best ways to try to prevent arthritis, Fox says, are maintaining a good body weight and not smoking. To try to prevent osteoarthritis, he also advises that you use common sense when engaging in strenuous physical activity so you don't seriously injure your joints. Who is at risk: RA can affect people of different ages, races and sexes; it is three times more common in women than men. Genetics can affect a person's chance of developing RA, but if one of your parents had the condition, it does not necessarily mean that you will. Being overweight is a major risk factor for osteoarthritis, and recent studies have shown that smokers may have twice the chance of developing RA as non-smokers. Treatment: RA can be managed but not cured. The goal of treatment is to keep the joints working properly by reducing inflammation, relieving the pain and stiffness, and stopping or slowing down joint damage. Many drugs are used for the long-term relief of rheumatoid arthritis. One type is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that treat pain and inflammation (aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen are NSAIDs that are available without a prescription, and others are available by prescription only). When NSAIDs do not work, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be used, with careful supervision by a rheumatologist. Methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers are examples of DMARD that have been found to be helpful for many RA patients. Injections, physical therapy and surgery are other potential treatments. Possible treatment in the future: Ongoing research offers significant hope that in the future, cures will be available for RA, Fox says.med.umich/