Italy and France were the top two nations for life expectancy “among women. Italy narrowly beat France as far as life-expectancy for men was concerned.

Between 1995 and 2003 life expectancy at birth rose in all 14 European countries by on average 3 months each year for men and 2 months for women, claims the report from the first year's work of the European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit (EHEMU).

In 2003 Portugal had the lowest life expectancy at birth for men, almost 4 years less than the highest (Sweden). Women's life expectancy was lowest in Denmark and highest in France.

  Men Women   2003 Annual increase in LE at birth (months) Austria 76.44 82.54 Belgium 75.43 81.31 Denmark 75.84 80.13 Finland 75.13 81.82 France 76.13 83.22 GB 76.13 80.52 Germany 76.34 81.83 Greece 75.71 80.7<1 month Ireland 74.93 80.72 Italy 77.33 83.12 Netherlands 76.22 80.71 Portugal 74.23 80.83 Spain 76.23 83.20 Sweden 78.20 82.21

"Whether the extra years of life gained were spent in good or bad health remains a crucial question," said Professor Carol Jagger from the University of Leicester who co-leads the EHEMU project.

"Compared to life expectancy, disability-free life expectancy varied more widely across the EU countries but this may be due to cultural differences in how people report disability. So at present ranking countries by the years people live without disability is not recommended. However the trends between 1995 and 2001 will be less sensitive to such differences so we can compare how disability-free life expectancy is tracking life expectancy between countries".

The report found that between 1995 and 2001 Belgium, Italy and Spain appeared to be the healthiest countries as both men and women's disability-free life expectancy at birth was increasing faster than life expectancy. In Denmark, Great Britain and Portugal disability-free life expectancy was increasing at the same rate as life expectancy. Other countries showed differences between men and women: in the Netherlands men's disability-free life expectancy increased faster than life expectancy but women's disability-free life expectancy declined over the period so Dutch women were living longer but the extra years were spent with disability.

"We now have to explore the reasons for these differences through in-depth analyses" said Professor Jagger. "EU countries vary widely on a number of factors that could be responsible such as smoking and diet as well as the prevalence of diseases that commonly result in disability such as stroke and coronary heart disease. The new EU structural indicator Healthy Life Years which will be based on more comparable data, is an important step forward in monitoring the health of our ageing European populations for future planning.

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The researchers found that of the 2,335 participants who participated in the five-year follow-up, 158 had developed early AMD and 26 late-stage AMD.

After other risk factors were considered including smoking, age, sex and vitamin C intake, those in the group with the highest intake of polyunsaturated fat had a 50 percent reduced chance of developing early AMD compared with those who ate the least.

No link was found between AMD and consumption of butter, margarine or nuts, which all contain high levels of unsaturated fats but those ate fish at at least once a week reduced their risk of early AMD by as much as 40 percent.

The third study by Mary N. Haan, M.P.H., Dr.P.H., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and colleagues studied 4,262 women age 65 years and older who were part of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial of hormone therapy.

They found that hormone therapy does not appear to increase or decrease the overall risk of AMD among postmenopausal women, although combination hormones may slightly reduce the chances of developing certain risk factors or types of the condition.

The team reached the conclusion that treatment with hormones does not influence the occurrence of early AMD.