Commenting on the study on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology, Professor Giuseppe Mancia from the University of Milan-Bicocca in Italy says: "In the last few years there has been much attention given to the traits which may in children and adolescents predict what will happen to their cardiovascular system in later life. We now know, for example, that higher blood pressure values in children predict hypertension in adulthood - and this is also the case with other factors, such as excess body weight (even in neonates) and increased heart rate. So early phenotypes must be considered with great attention, and it is interesting in the present study that this includes bone maturation - that is, something apparently unrelated to cardiovascular and metabolic variables.

"The problem behind the findings on hypertension is when to start intervention, since it is now apparent that associated body changes are already present to some degree at an early stage of life. It is also clear that treatment in adult patients cannot normalise the risk, potentially because hypertension-related changes have already become, at least in part, irreversible. So there are grounds for earlier intervention, and serious implementation of lifestyle changes, such as weight control and exercise, appears justified.

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